Shallow copy duplicates only top-level properties and keeps nested references. Deep copy recursively clones nested objects (e.g., structuredClone or a custom deep clone).
Expanding on the short answer — what usually matters in practice:
A tiny example (an explanation template):
// Example: discuss trade-offs for "what-is-the-difference-between-shallow-and-deep-"
function explain() {
// Start from the core idea:
// Shallow copy duplicates only top-level properties and keeps nested references. Deep copy r
}